Drivetrain for a Wave Energy Converter

ABSTRACT

An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for WEC system for a wave energy converter. The system includes a buoyant object, a reaction bity and a line coupling the reaction body and the buoyant object. The system further includes a drivetrain coupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body. The drivetrain includes a sheave coupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body and an actuator coupled to the sheave. The line is coupled to the sheave, wherein movement of the buoyant object relative to the reaction body applies a force to the sheave. The force on the sheave drives the actuator, wherein the actuator is configured to apply a spring force.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/858,148 entitled “TRITON-C DRIVETRAIN” and filed onJun. 6, 2019 for Timothy R. Mundon, which is incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD

This invention relates to power generation and more particularly relatesto a WEC system for a wave energy converter

BACKGROUND

Many different systems exist for power generation. With advances intechnology comes the need to provide power to operate that technology.Frequently, power generation must be portable or able to collect energyfrom diverse environments without doing damage to that environment. Manyconventional systems are restricted in where and how they may bedeployed and also rely on wasteful, harmful, or unsustainable processes.

SUMMARY

The subject matter of the present application has been developed inresponse to the present state of the art, and in particular, in responseto the problems and disadvantages associated with conventional waveenergy converter systems that have not yet been fully solved bycurrently available techniques. Accordingly, the subject matter of thepresent application has been developed to provide embodiments thatovercome at least some of the shortcomings of prior art techniques.

Disclosed herein is a drivetrain system for a wave energy converter. Thewave energy converter system includes a buoyant object, a reaction bodycoupled to the buoyant object by one or more lines, and one or moredrivetrains coupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body. Thedrivetrains include a sheave coupled to one of the buoyant object orreaction body, wherein the line is coupled to the sheave, whereinmovement of the buoyant object relative to the reaction body applies aforce to the sheave. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 1 of the present disclosure.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic actuator, coupled with anaccumulator that is configured to provide a spring force. The precedingsubject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 2 of the presentdisclosure, wherein example 2 also includes the subject matter accordingto example 1, above.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic motor/pump that is configuredto provide a damping force. The preceding subject matter of thisparagraph characterizes example 3 of the present disclosure, whereinexample 3 also includes the subject matter according to any one ofexamples 1-2, above.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic actuator that is configuredto provide both damping and spring forces. The preceding subject matterof this paragraph characterizes example 4 of the present disclosure,wherein example 4 also includes the subject matter according to any oneof examples 1-3, above.

The force on the sheave drives an electrical generator that isconfigured to provide a damping force. The preceding subject matter ofthis paragraph characterizes example 5 of the present disclosure,wherein example 5 also includes the subject matter according to any oneof examples 1-4, above.

The system further includes a gearbox coupled between the sheave and theactuator, motor, or pump. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 6 of the present disclosure, wherein example 6also includes the subject matter according to any one of examples 1-5,above.

The system further includes a gearbox between the sheave and thehydraulic motor/pump. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 7 of the present disclosure, wherein example 7also includes the subject matter according to any one of examples 1-6,above.

The sheave is a winding mechanism configured to wind the line. Thepreceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 8 ofthe present disclosure, wherein example 8 also includes the subjectmatter according to any one of examples 1-7, above.

The rate of spring force can be changed through a selectable gas volumeattached to the accumulator connected to the output of the actuator. Thepreceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 9 ofthe present disclosure, wherein example 9 also includes the subjectmatter according to any one of examples 1-8, above.

The relative motion of the buoyant object and the reaction body appliesa rotational force to the sheave. The preceding subject matter of thisparagraph characterizes example 10 of the present disclosure, whereinexample 10 also includes the subject matter according to any one ofexamples 1-9, above.

The sheave is configured to oscillate around a mean position. Thepreceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 11 ofthe present disclosure, wherein example 11 also includes the subjectmatter according to any one of examples 1-10, above.

The damping force is provided by a mechanical pump. The precedingsubject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 12 of the presentdisclosure, wherein example 12 also includes the subject matteraccording to any one of examples 1-11, above.

Disclosed herein is a drivetrain system for a wave energy converter. Thedrivetrain includes a sheave coupled to a buoyant object, wherein thebuoyant object is coupled to a reaction body by one or more lines,wherein the line is coupled to the sheave, wherein movement of thebuoyant object relative to the reaction body applies a force to thesheave. The preceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizesexample 13 of the present disclosure.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic actuator which is configuredto apply a spring force. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 14 of the present disclosure, wherein example 14also includes the subject matter according to example 13, above.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic actuator that is configuredto provide a damping. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 15 of the present disclosure, wherein example 15also includes the subject matter according to any one of examples 13-14,above.

The force on the sheave drives a hydraulic actuator that is configuredto provide both damping and spring forces. The preceding subject matterof this paragraph characterizes example 16 of the present disclosure,wherein example 16 also includes the subject matter according to any oneof examples 13-15, above.

The force on the sheave drives an electrical generator that isconfigured to provide a damping force. The preceding subject matter ofthis paragraph characterizes example 17 of the present disclosure,wherein example 17 also includes the subject matter according to any oneof examples 13-16, above.

The drivetrain further includes a gearbox coupled between the sheave andthe generator. The preceding subject matter of this paragraphcharacterizes example 18 of the present disclosure, wherein example 18also includes the subject matter according to any one of examples 13-17,above.

The sheave is a winding mechanism configured to wind the line. Thepreceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizes example 19 ofthe present disclosure, wherein example 19 also includes the subjectmatter according to any one of examples 13-18, above.

A wave energy converter system is disclosed. The system includes abuoyant object, wherein the buoyant object is a surface float, and areaction body coupled to the buoyant object by two or more lines and thelines are flexible. The system further includes a drivetrain coupled toone of the buoyant object or reaction body. The drivetrain includes asheave coupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body, whereintwo or more lines are coupled to the sheave, wherein movement of thebuoyant object relative to the reaction body applies a force to thesheave. The drivetrain includes an actuator coupled to the sheave,wherein the force on the sheave drives the actuator, wherein theactuator is configured to apply a spring force. The system furtherincludes a generator, wherein the sheave is configured to drive thegenerator. The preceding subject matter of this paragraph characterizesexample 13 of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention will be readilyunderstood, a more particular description of the invention brieflydescribed above will be rendered by reference to specific embodimentsthat are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that thesedrawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are nottherefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the inventionwill be described and explained with additional specificity and detailthrough the use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a WEC systemfor a wave energy converter in accordance with one or more embodimentsof the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view illustrating sheave and tendon line in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram and front view of a drivetrain for a WECwith a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram and cut-away front view of a drivetrainfor a WEC with a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram and front view of a drivetrain for a WECwith a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram and cut-away front view of a drivetrainfor a WEC with a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a plurality of drivetrains coupledtogether in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram and front view of a drivetrain for a WECwith a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram and cut-away front view of a drivetrainfor a WEC with a sheave, tendon line, actuator, and a generator inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 10A is a schematic diagram of a distribution of a spring force anda damping force in accordance with one or more embodiments of thepresent invention. FIG. 10B is a schematic diagram of a distribution ofa spring force and a damping force in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the present invention. FIG. 10C is a schematic diagram ofa distribution of a spring force and a damping force in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases“in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughoutthis specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the sameembodiment, but mean “one or more but not all embodiments” unlessexpressly specified otherwise. The terms “including,” “comprising,”“having,” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”unless expressly specified otherwise. An enumerated listing of itemsdoes not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusiveand/or mutually inclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Theterms “a,” “an,” and “the” also refer to “one or more” unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics ofthe invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details areprovided to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of theinvention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, thatthe invention may be practiced without one or more of the specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. Inother instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are notshown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of theinvention.

The schematic flow chart diagrams included herein are generally setforth as logical flow chart diagrams. As such, the depicted order andlabeled steps are indicative of one embodiment of the presented method.Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent infunction, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, ofthe illustrated method. Additionally, the format and symbols employedare provided to explain the logical steps of the method and areunderstood not to limit the scope of the method. Although various arrowtypes and line types may be employed in the flow chart diagrams, theyare understood not to limit the scope of the corresponding method.Indeed, some arrows or other connectors may be used to indicate only thelogical flow of the method. For instance, an arrow may indicate awaiting or monitoring period of unspecified duration between enumeratedsteps of the depicted method. Additionally, the order in which aparticular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order ofthe corresponding steps shown.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its spirit or essential characteristics. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicatedby the appended claims rather than by this detailed description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, orsimilar language does not imply that all of the features and advantagesthat may be realized with the present invention should be or are in anysingle embodiment of the invention. Rather, language referring to thefeatures and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature,advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodimentis included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus,discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language,throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to thesame embodiment.

Embodiments of the invention described herein improve the use andfunction of wave energy converter (WEC) systems in harvesting energy inwave conditions in water. The relative movement of a buoyant object(such as a float or surface float) and a submerged reaction body (suchas a submerged, suspended reaction structure or the sea floor) createsforces on the line or tendon between the two. Those forces may beharvested to drive a generator or stored for later use. Although wavesdo move periodically, the amplitude and frequency of the waves can varygreatly depending on the environmental conditions in which systems areplaced.

Drivetrains for WECs may be stroke limited or may be damaged byespecially rough wave conditions. Systems that can adapt to the greatvariability of wave conditions may provide additional power advantagesand have a greater chance at extended survival. Typical drivetrains mayrequire development and design of mechanisms to restrict travel withinlimited bounds. Advantages can be gained from WEC if longer strokes canbe achieved to accommodate significant wave height.

By observation and measurement, sea states can be monitored to determinevarious parameters likely to be seen in a particular sea state includingan average power, an annual average power, rated average power, ratedwave condition, rated instantaneous power. The sea state may be taken tomean the specific wave period and wave height. The average power may bethe time averaged power for a device in an environment or sea state. Theannual average power may be the long-term time-averaged power across agiven wave climate. The rated average power may be the average power ina particular sea state that represents the highest power operatingconditions for the device. The sea states may be called rated waveconditions. As wave conditions fluctuate, the power absorbed by a WECvaries continuously over time. The instantaneous absorbed power may varyform 0 to a multiple of the average power. The rated instantaneous powermay be the maximum power in a rated wave condition. A drivetraindesigned and configured to absorb the rated instantaneous power willprovide power advantages and an extended use lifetime.

Embodiments of this invention relate to a buoy/mooring system with adrivetrain configured to allow for a much larger stroke (practicallyunlimited) in a more compact space.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a waveenergy converter (WEC) system 100 in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention. Although the WEC system 100 is shown anddescribed with certain components and functionality, other embodimentsof the WEC system 100 may include fewer or more components to implementless or more functionality. Although many of the components are depictedas coupled to the buoyant object 102, in other embodiments, thecomponents are within an enclosure along the line or tendon 106 or atthe reaction body 104.

The WEC system 100 includes a buoyant object 102 and a reaction body 104coupled together with a line or tendon 106. The buoyant object 102 is asurface float or a near surface float that moves or floats near or onthe surface of a body of water. The buoyant object 102 moves with thewaves of the body of water. As the buoyant object 102 oscillates on thesurface of the body of water, the buoyant object 102 will move relativeto the reaction body 104. The relative motion between the buoyant object102 and the reaction body 104 creates tension and forces on the line ortendon 106. The forces from the relative motion are captured as isdescribed more fully herein as well as in the references incorporatedherein.

The buoyant object 102 is a buoy, buoy housing, float, or surface floatthat is configured to float at the surface or near the surface of thebody of water. The buoyant object 102 may be an enclosure shaped tohouse the various components described herein. The buoyant object 102may include various seals or other structural components to isolate aninterior chamber that houses the various components.

The reaction body 104 may be any structure configured to be submerged inthe body of water. In some embodiments, the reaction body 104 is ananchor attached to the sea floor. In some embodiments, the reaction body104 is a heave plate or other structure that restricts movement in thewater. In some embodiments, the reaction body 104 is the sea floor. Asthe buoyant object 102 oscillates on the surface of the body of water,the reaction body 104 will counteract such motion which will exertforces on the line or tendon 106.

The line or tendon 106 may be any type of cord, chain, rope, cable, etc.that is configured to couple the buoyant object 102 to the reaction body104. Although only one line or tendon 106 is described in manyembodiments herein, the WEC system 100 may include a plurality oftendons 106 which couple the buoyant object 102 to the reaction body104. In some embodiments, the line or tendon 106 is configured to attachto a sheave 108 or other structural component on the buoyant object 102.In some embodiments, the sheave 108 may be within an interior chamber ofthe buoyant object 102 through a sealed entry point. In someembodiments, the line or tendon 106 is configured to attach to a sheave108 or other structural component outside the buoyant object 102 withthe sheave 108 or structural component configured to enter the interiorchamber of the buoyant object 102 through the sealed entry point. Whilethe sheave 108 is described as coupled to the buoyant object 102 in manyembodiments described herein, in some embodiments, the sheave 108 may becoupled to the reaction body 104.

The WEC system 100 further includes a drivetrain 110. The drivetrain 110is configured to receive an input force generated by the relativemovement of the buoyant object 102 and the reaction body 104. Althoughthe drivetrain 110 is shown and described with certain components andfunctionality, other embodiments of the drivetrain 110 may include feweror more components to implement less or more functionality.

In some embodiments, the drivetrain 110 or drivetrain system may includevarious components. In some embodiments, the drivetrain 110 may includethe sheave 108, a gearbox system 112, and actuator(s) 114. Thedrivetrain 110 may further be associated with various bearings 116,brakes 118, generator(s) 120, pumps 122, hydraulic motor 124,accumulator(s) 126, energy storage 127, and hydraulics 128. Embodimentsdescribed herein may or may not include all these components.

In some embodiments, the drivetrain 110 is configured to drive a motorsuch as a hydraulic motor 124, a generator 120 or may be configured tostore energy in the storage 127 or an accumulator 126. In someembodiments, the wave energy converter system 100 is connected to thepower grid 152. In one of the ways listed herein or similar ways, theWEC system 100 is configured to harvest wave energy.

In some embodiments, the sheave 108 is a mechanical connection thatcouples the line or tendon 106 to the buoyant object 102. The sheave 108may be configured to allow rotational movement that allows the sheave108 to oscillate around a mean position. In some embodiments, the sheave108 is a winding mechanism and the sheave 108 is configured to wind theline or tendon 106 and unwind the line or tendon 106 as the buoyantobject 102 follows the period of the wave. That is, as the relativedistance between the buoyant object 102 and the reaction body 104decreases, the line or tendon 106 will wind onto the sheave 108.Further, as the relative distance between the buoyant object 102 and thereaction body 104 increases, the line or tendon 106 will unwind from thesheave 108. In some implementations, the sheave is a drum or a grooveddrum that allows the line or tendon 106 to wind along the grooves.

The sheave 108 may be coupled to the buoyant object 102 by way of abearing 116 which is configured to allow the sheave 108 to rotate freelyin a near frictionless state. The line or tendon 106, which is a tetherbetween the buoyant object 102 and the reaction body 104 drives themotion of the sheave.

In some embodiments, the sheave 108 is coupled to one or more actuators114. In some embodiments, the actuator is a hydraulic actuator. Ahydraulic actuator may refer to a piston or a rotary actuator (motor orpump). As the sheave 108 rotates, a gearbox 112 or gear system connectedto the sheave 108 may drive the one or more actuators 114. In someembodiments, the actuators 114 are rotary actuators. In someembodiments, the actuators 114 are linear actuators.

In some embodiments, the one or more actuators 114 are configured,either by use of more than one actuator or in some cases with oneactuator, to split the force of the WEC (the WEC force) into a generatoror damping force and a spring force. In some cases, potential springforce is released and added to the damping force. By use of a springforce, the damping force may vary equally around zero.

As an illustrative example, see FIG. 10 shows how these forces may beseparated for a circumstance when the reaction body or structure 104 issuspended beneath the float or buoyant object 102. For ease ofdiscussion, linear cylinders are utilized for the damping force and thespring force. The spring force is related to the displacement of thesystem. As the Figures show, FIG. 10A shows the system at a meandisplacement, FIG. 10B shows the system at the largest displacement andFIG. 10C shows the system at the smallest displacement. The system willoscillate back and forth. The damping force is related to the velocityof the system. As the system reaches the extremes as shown in FIGS. 10Band 10C, the damping force will be zero. The damping force will be at amaximum when the displacement is at a mean position as shown in FIG.10A.

FIG. 10A also may illustrate a flat-water position of the system wherethe spring cylinder 304 offsets or fully supports the reaction body anda generator cylinder 302 exerts zero force. As example numbers, thereaction body may be exerting a 300 ton-force in a downward direction asnoted by arrow 310. The spring cylinder 304 may be offsetting with a 300ton-force in an upward direction as noted by arrow 330. In this case,the damping force is zero.

Referring now to FIG. 10B, a large extension force on the line is shownas the buoyant object moves up and away from the reaction body. Thisexerts a large downward force by the reaction body shown by arrow 310.The spring cylinder 304 reacts against some of this force as shown byarrow 330. The remainder is applied to the generator cylinder 302. Asexample numbers, the reaction body may be exerting a 700 ton-force whilethe spring cylinder is reacting with an additional 400 ton-force with a100 ton-force applied to the generator cylinder 302.

Referring now to FIG. 10C, the reaction body and the buoyant object havemoving towards each other. This decreases the WEC downward force shownby arrow 310. In this case, the spring force is greater than the WECforce and so the remainder of the spring force acts on the generatorcylinder transferring stored energy in the spring cylinder 304 to thegenerator cylinder 302. As exampled numbers, the reaction body may beexerting only a 100 ton-force as shown by arrow 310 while the springcylinder is releasing some stored energy with a 200 ton-force as shownby arrow 330. The difference is exerted on the generator cylinder 302with a 100 ton-force as shown by arrow 320.

As shown by the example of FIG. 10, utilizing a spring or springcylinder or actuator in such a manner, the generator cylinder 302 willoscillate equally around zero as the generator cylinder 302 oscillatesbetween a 100 ton-force in both directions.

The spring force may be applied by various ways including by way of ahydro-pneumatic spring, an accumulator, external air tanks, pumps, orother similar components. The damping force may be described as thedifference between the applied WEC force and the spring force.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the drivetrain 110 may include variouscomponents including pumps 122, hydraulic connections 128, bearings 116,gearboxes 112, brakes 118, actuators 114, or hydraulic motors 124 todrive a generator 120 or store energy in an accumulator 126 or energystorage 127.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a sheave 108 is shown with a line or tendon106. The sheave 108 is depicted in a side view to show the movement ofthe line or tendon 106 and the sheave 108. The sheave 108 may be coupledto a buoyant object 102 (not shown) with a bearing 116. This allows thesheave 108 to rotate about the bearing 116 in either direction as shownby arrows 204. As the line or tendon 106 moves up and down as shown byarrow 202, the sheave 108 will be driven to rotate.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a front view of a sheave 108 is shown. Thesheave 108 is depicted as a drum with grooves 142 on which the line ortendon 106 winds and unwinds. The sheave 108 may be coupled to a buoyantobject 102 (not shown) with a bearing 116. This allows the sheave 108 torotate about the bearing 116 in either direction as shown by arrows 204.As the line or tendon 106 moves up and down as shown by arrow 202, thesheave 108 will be driven to rotate. In addition, a ring gear drives apinion gear 132 causing the pinion gear 132 to rotate as the line ortendon 106 winds and unwinds on the sheave 108. The pinion gear 132drives an actuator 114. More than one actuator 114 may be utilized. Theactuator 114 is a rotary actuator that is driven to rotate. The piniongear 132 may be coupled to two actuators 114, one of which functions asthe spring actuator and the other as a generator actuator. The springactuator and the generator actuator may interact similar to the mannerdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 10.

The actuator 114 may be coupled, via a gearbox 112, to a generator 120.Specifically, the generator actuator may be coupled to the generator120, driving the generator 120 as the line or tendon 106 winds andunwinds and oscillates with the waves.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a cut-away view of the sheave 108 is shown. Ascan be seen, the sheave 108 includes a ring gear 134 that interacts withthe pinion gear 132 and drives the pinion gear 132. As described withthe other figures, the line or tendon 106 may wind on the grooves 142 ofthe grooved drum. Each of the components may be directly connected ormay utilize gears or a gearbox 112, brakes 118, bearings 116, andhydraulic connections 128. A gearbox can increase the rotations to allowfor efficiencies in travel.

In embodiments where a separate spring actuator is utilized, the springactuator may be a rotary actuator. Utilization of a rotary actuator anda rotary sheave allow for a compact configuration that has a very longstroke length as the “length” of the line or tendon 106 wraps itself onthe drum over and over, if needed.

A wide range of wave conditions will likely result in a very wide spreadof velocities and stroke length. Embodiments described herein allow thedrivetrain to compensate for the wide spread of velocities and strokelength via the spring actuator and rotary sheave.

The system may further utilize accumulators 126 or storage 127 tostrategically store and release forces such that the damping forceoscillates back and forth in a regular manner even in changing weatherand wave conditions.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a front view of a drivetrain 110 and sheave 108is shown. The drivetrain 110 may be similar to the embodiments describedin conjunction with FIGS. 2-4. The drivetrain 110 may utilize pumps 122as the actuators. As depicted, there are two pumps 122 in which on maybe utilized as a spring actuator and a generator actuator and the otherone my charge a storage accumulator 126 (not shown). As before, thesheave 108 may be coupled to a buoyant object 102 (not shown) with abearing 116. This allows the sheave 108 to rotate about the bearing 116in either direction as shown by arrows 204. As the line or tendon 106moves up and down as shown by arrow 202, the sheave 108 will be drivento rotate.

In the illustrated embodiment, the generator 120 is not connecteddirectly to the actuators but is driven by a hydraulic motor 124. Thehydraulic motor 124 may be run by the storage accumulator 126.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a cut-away view of the drivetrain 110 is shown.As shown, the sheave 108 may be coupled to a buoyant object 102 (notshown) with a bearing 116. This allows the sheave 108 to rotate aboutthe bearing 116 in either direction as shown by arrows 204. As the lineor tendon 106 moves up and down as shown by arrow 202, the sheave 108will be driven to rotate. A gearbox 112 is connecting the sheave 108 tothe pumps 122.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a plurality of drivetrains 110 are connected todrive a hydraulic motor 124 and ultimately a generator 120. Each of thedrivetrains 110 may be connected a pair of accumulators 126 which may beused to effect or perform the spring force and further drive a commonhydraulic motor 124 and generator 120. In some embodiments, one of theaccumulators 126 may be utilized for the spring force. The otheraccumulator in the pair may be used to store energy and released todrive the common hydraulic motor 124.

Various configurations may be envisioned, arranged in parallel or inseries, in which multiple drivetrains 110 are utilized together toefficiently harness energy and drive a generator or multiple generators.Each of the drivetrains may be configured differently allowing foroptimization as the configurations may optimize different functions,where some of the drivetrains may utilize storage or accumulators andsome may utilize hydraulic motors, and some may have different gearratios to allow for different outputs.

Referring now to FIG. 8, another drivetrain 110 is shown. The drivetrain110 may utilize, as before, a sheave 108 that winds and unwinds the lineor tendon 106 as buoyant object 102 (not shown) and the reaction body104 (not shown) move relative to each other in the wave conditions. Agearbox 112 may drive the actuator 114. The single actuator 114 may beutilized to compensate with the spring force, store energy in anaccumulator 126, and further drive a hydraulic motor 124 that drives agenerator 120 or generators.

The rotary actuator is able to carry out all these functions in theillustrated embodiments and would necessarily function to supply a netforce that is the sum of the spring force and the damping force. Thespring force would always be large, positive and would track thedisplacement of the sheave 108 relative to the reaction body 104.Meanwhile the damping force would be adjusted to track the velocity ofthe sheave and would oscillate between positive and negative.

Referring to FIG. 9, a cut-away view of the drivetrain is shown. Theillustrated embodiment is a schematic diagram showing the gearbox 112which is driven by the sheave 108. The gearbox 112 drives the actuator114 which, in turn, stores energy in the accumulator and drives thehydraulic motor 124 and generator 120, all while also supplying a springforce.

Various embodiments are described herein. Each embodiment may utilizefeatures from the other embodiments specifically described as well asthe embodiments within the scope of this description. The variations arenot recited merely for the sake of brevity.

The various embodiments may utilize various output cylinders and inputcylinders which are configured to transfer an output force to agenerator. The embodiments may utilize various valves, actuators,accumulators, overpressure valves, controllers, and other componentsthat are configurable to compensate with a spring force that allows thedamping force to oscillate approximately around 0 force, from negativeto positive and back.

The drivetrain 110 may be configured to change automatically based on awave pattern or may be controlled remotely through a controller. Thespring force may be adjusted as needed to ultimately affect the dampingforce and allow it to oscillate around an equilibrium state. In someembodiments, the drivetrain 110 may be adjusted manually prior todeployment of the system.

In some embodiments, the drivetrain 110 may be coupled to gas chargedaccumulators or air tanks. In some embodiments, the gas chargedaccumulator provides elastic absorption of energy with an effectivespring constant being a function of extendable air volume in an externalair tank array. In some embodiments, the extendable air volume isconfigured to provide a variable force providing an offset force to theweight of the reaction body.

In some embodiments, the external air tank array includes an array ofdifferently sized air tanks that function differently. The size orvolume of the air tank will dictate the rise in spring force.

In some embodiments, the actuators or accumulators are pressurized toprovide an offset force opposite to the weight of the reaction body 104.In some embodiments, the actuators or accumulators are pressurized inorder to provide a mean load to the line or tendon 106 that offsets anymean offset tension within the line or tendon 106.

Embodiments of apparatuses are described herein that may include on someof the features and components of the systems described. Additionally,other methods of using and making the systems described herein arecontemplated.

Although the foregoing disclosure provides many specifics, these shouldnot be construed as limiting the scope of any of the ensuing claims.Other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scopes ofthe claims. Features from different embodiments may be employed incombination. The scope of each claim is, therefore, indicated andlimited only by its plain language and the full scope of available legalequivalents to its elements.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, orsimilar language does not imply that all of the features and advantagesthat may be realized with the subject matter of the present disclosureshould be or are in any single embodiment. Rather, language referring tothe features and advantages is understood to mean that a specificfeature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with anembodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Thus, discussion of the features and advantages, and similarlanguage, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily,refer to the same embodiment.

In the above description, certain terms may be used such as “up,”“down,” “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,” “right,” andthe like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide someclarity of description when dealing with relative relationships. But,these terms are not intended to imply absolute relationships, positions,and/or orientations. For example, with respect to an object, an “upper”surface can become a “lower” surface simply by turning the object over.Nevertheless, it is still the same object. Further, the terms“including,” “comprising,” “having,” and variations thereof mean“including but not limited to” unless expressly specified otherwise. Anenumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the itemsare mutually exclusive and/or mutually inclusive, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” also refer to “oneor more” unless expressly specified otherwise.

Additionally, instances in this specification where one element is“coupled” to another element can include direct and indirect coupling.Direct coupling can be defined as one element coupled to and in somecontact with another element. Indirect coupling can be defined ascoupling between two elements not in direct contact with each other, buthaving one or more additional elements between the coupled elements.Further, as used herein, securing one element to another element caninclude direct securing and indirect securing. Additionally, as usedherein, “adjacent” does not necessarily denote contact. For example, oneelement can be adjacent another element without being in contact withthat element.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of”, when used with a list ofitems, means different combinations of one or more of the listed itemsmay be used and only one of the items in the list may be needed. Theitem may be a particular object, thing, or category. In other words, “atleast one of” means any combination of items or number of items may beused from the list, but not all of the items in the list may berequired. For example, “at least one of item A, item B, and item C” maymean item A; item A and item B; item B; item A, item B, and item C; oritem B and item C. In some cases, “at least one of item A, item B, anditem C” may mean, for example, without limitation, two of item A, one ofitem B, and ten of item C; four of item B and seven of item C; or someother suitable combination.

As used herein, a system, apparatus, structure, article, element,component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specified function isindeed capable of performing the specified function without anyalteration, rather than merely having potential to perform the specifiedfunction after further modification. In other words, the system,apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware“configured to” perform a specified function is specifically selected,created, implemented, utilized, programmed, and/or designed for thepurpose of performing the specified function. As used herein,“configured to” denotes existing characteristics of a system, apparatus,structure, article, element, component, or hardware which enable thesystem, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardwareto perform the specified function without further modification. Forpurposes of this disclosure, a system, apparatus, structure, article,element, component, or hardware described as being “configured to”perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively bedescribed as being “adapted to” and/or as being “operative to” performthat function.

Although the operations of the method(s) herein are shown and describedin a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may bealtered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse orderor so that certain operations may be performed, at least in part,concurrently with other operations. In another embodiment, instructionsor sub-operations of distinct operations may be implemented in anintermittent and/or alternating manner.

The present subject matter may be embodied in other specific formswithout departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Thedescribed embodiments are to be considered in all respects only asillustrative and not restrictive.

In the above description, specific details of various embodiments areprovided. However, some embodiments may be practiced with less than allof these specific details. In other instances, certain methods,procedures, components, structures, and/or functions are described in nomore detail than to enable the various embodiments of the invention, forthe sake of brevity and clarity

This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/217,772,filed on Jul. 22, 2016 (docket no. 3589.2.32), which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. This application also is related toU.S. application Ser. No. 14/181,574, filed on Feb. 14, 2014 (docket no.OSC-P020), which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Application No.61/809,155, filed on Apr. 5, 2013 (docket no. OSC-P020P2). Thisapplication is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/268,341, filed onSep. 16, 2016 (docket no. 3589.2.33). This application is related toU.S. application Ser. No. 15/675,511, filed Aug. 11, 2017 (docket no.3589.2.37).

What is claimed is:
 1. A wave energy converter system, comprising: abuoyant object; a reaction body coupled to the buoyant object by one ormore lines; one or more drivetrains coupled to one of the buoyant objector reaction body, wherein the one or more drivetrains comprise: a sheavecoupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body, wherein the oneor more lines are coupled to the sheave, wherein movement of the buoyantobject relative to the reaction body applies a force to the sheave. 2.The system of claim 1, wherein the force on the sheave drives ahydraulic actuator, coupled with an accumulator that is configured toprovide a spring force.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the force onthe sheave drives a hydraulic motor/pump that is configured to provide adamping force.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the force on the sheavedrives a hydraulic actuator that is configured to provide both dampingand spring forces.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the force on thesheave drives an electrical generator that is configured to provide adamping force.
 6. The system of claim 2, further comprising a gearboxcoupled between the sheave and the actuator.
 7. The system of claim 3,further comprising a gearbox coupled between the sheave and thehydraulic motor/pump.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the sheave is awinding mechanism configured to wind the line.
 9. The system of claim 2,wherein the rate of spring force can be changed through a selectable gasvolume attached to the accumulator connected to the output of theactuator.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein relative motion of thebuoyant object and the reaction body applies a rotational force to thesheave.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the sheave is configured tooscillate around a mean position.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein thedamping force is provided by a mechanical pump.
 13. A drivetrain for awave energy converter, comprising: a sheave coupled to a buoyant object,wherein the buoyant object is coupled to a reaction body by one or morelines, wherein the line is coupled to the sheave, wherein movement ofthe buoyant object relative to the reaction body applies a force to thesheave.
 14. The drivetrain of claim 13 wherein the force on the sheavedrives a hydraulic actuator which is configured to apply a spring force.15. The system of claim 13, wherein the force on the sheave drives ahydraulic actuator that is configured to provide a damping.
 16. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the force on the sheave drives a hydraulicactuator that is configured to provide both damping and spring forces.17. The system of claim 13 wherein the force on the sheave drives anelectrical generator that is configured to provide a damping force. 18.The system of claim 17, further comprising a gearbox coupled between thesheave and the generator.
 19. The drivetrain of claim 14, wherein thesheave is a winding mechanism configured to wind the line.
 20. A waveenergy converter system, comprising: a buoyant object, wherein thebuoyant object is a surface float; a reaction body coupled to thebuoyant object by two or more lines and the lines are flexible; adrivetrain coupled to one of the buoyant object or reaction body,wherein the drivetrain comprises: a sheave coupled to one of the buoyantobject or reaction body, wherein two or more lines are coupled to thesheave, wherein movement of the buoyant object relative to the reactionbody applies a force to the sheave; an actuator coupled to the sheave,wherein the force on the sheave drives the actuator, wherein theactuator is configured to apply a spring force; and a generator, whereinthe sheave is configured to drive the generator.